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991.
双季稻田添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT氮肥的最高减量潜力研究 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
【目的】添加脲酶抑制剂(Urease inhibitor, UI)是提高肥料利用率的有效途径,在尿素(Urea,U)中添加1%的脲酶抑制剂NBPT(N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺)是目前研究使用证明效果最可靠的添加比例。针对当前稻田氮肥施用水平过高的问题,本文采用田间小区试验研究了目前脲酶抑制剂添加比例下稻田氮肥的减施潜力以及脲酶抑制剂的节肥增效机理。【方法】本试验在我国长江中下游的双季稻田进行,脲酶抑制剂用量NBPT为尿素用量的1%。尿素用量设五个水平为N 90、 112.5、 135、 157.5 和180 kg/hm2,分别依次记为U1、 U2、 U3、 U4和U5, 7个处理为CK(不施氮肥)、 U1+UI、 U2+UI、 U3+UI、 U4+UI、 U5+UI、 U5(U5为传统施氮量, N 180 kg/hm2为农民习惯施氮量),三次重复。U1~U5处理施氮量分别是在农民习惯施氮量的基础上降低50%、 37.5%、 25%、 12.5%、 0%。通过取样分析水稻分蘖期和孕穗期各处理对土壤脲酶活性、 硝酸还原酶活性、 土壤铵态氮含量、 硝态氮含量以及微生物量碳、 氮的含量,研究NBPT对水稻两个主要生育期土壤氮素供应的影响,比较各处理的产量以及氮肥利用率来得出氮肥的减施潜力,在此基础上通过逐步回归分析研究以上各指标对产量的影响,探明脲酶抑制剂(NBPT)在双季稻田的增效机理。【结果】 1) 在双季稻田,添加NBPT后,施氮量为N 135 kg/hm2的籽粒产量达到最高。与传统施氮(单施尿素N 180 kg/hm2)处理相比,早、 晚稻可分别增产8.54%和12.87%,氮肥当季利用率分别提高6.78%和9.46%,可节约氮肥25%; 2)与传统施氮相比,添加NBPT显著降低了水稻分蘖期的土壤脲酶活性和铵态氮含量,显著提高了孕穗期的铵态氮含量,而对此时期的脲酶活性无显著影响,NBPT对两个时期的硝酸还原酶活性、 硝态氮含量及微生物量碳、 氮含量均无明显影响,可见基施的NBPT主要是降低尿素水解速率方面效果显著,并且NBPT具有时效性,其主要是在水稻孕穗期之前起作用,在生态上较为安全; 3) 从各项土壤指标与水稻产量相关性的逐步回归分析结果来看,水稻分蘖期与孕穗期稻田土壤中铵态氮含量对水稻产量影响显著,而且孕穗期的影响大于分蘖期,其余指标则对产量无明显影响。【结论】由于脲酶抑制剂NBPT减缓了分蘖期尿素的水解作用,提高了孕穗期土壤中的铵态氮含量,为水稻后期生长提供充足的氮肥,在双季稻减肥方面具有显著的效果。在本试验土壤条件下,尿素中添加1% 的NBPT,可在提高产量的同时,将传统施氮肥量减少25%,是适于稻田应用的脲酶抑制剂。 相似文献
992.
Nitrogen transformation and plant growth in response to different urea‐application methods and the addition of DMPP 下载免费PDF全文
Huan Chen JingJing Xu JianBo Yang XueChao Li ManQiang Liu JiaGuo Jiao Feng Hu Huixin Li 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(2):271-277
The differences in soil inorganic‐nitrogen (N) concentration and distribution, plant biomass, and root growth in the presence or absence of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) under different urea‐application methods (placement versus homogeneously applied) were explored in a short‐term microcosm experiment. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in a microcosm with six different treatments: no amendment (CK), DMPP homogeneously applied (DMPP‐hom), urea homogeneously applied (Urea‐hom), urea with DMPP homogeneously applied (Urea + DMPP‐hom), urea placement (Urea‐place), and urea with DMPP placement (Urea + DMPP‐place). After 28 d, plant biomass, soil inorganic nitrogen content, distribution of soil inorganic nitrogen and plant roots in the soil were analyzed. The soil inorganic N and plant roots tended to be distributed asymmetrically in the placement treatment but were distributed symmetrically in the homogeneous treatment. DMPP addition significantly increased the soil NH$ _4^+ $ ‐N content and decreased the NO$ _3^- $ ‐N content, especially near the fertilized zones in the placement treatment. Compared to the urea‐only treatments, DMPP application significantly increased the shoot biomass and root lengths of the wheat in the homogeneous treatment but decreased them in the placement treatment. Therefore, homogeneously applied urea and DMPP may produce a more uniform nutrient distribution, leading to greater nitrogen retention in the soil and thus accelerating wheat growth. 相似文献
993.
Summary Genetic changes induced by grafting were observed in soybean storage proteins, involving the 11S acidic subunit composition and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor. Changes from Gly
1
Gly
1to Gly
1
gly
1involved the 11S acidic subunit, and those from Ti
0Ti0 to Ti
3Ti0 involved the KTI in the first progeny (G1S1) in the scion (Gly
1
Gly
1
Ti
0Ti0, var. Kinzu) grafted onto var. Raiden (gly
1
gly
1
Ti
3
Ti
3). The progenies G1S2 and G2S1 from the seeds that had been changed segregated for both proteins. However, the segregation ratio in the progenies were different from those of the F2's from the sexual crosses between Kinzu and Raiden used for grafting. These findings show that the changes (changed genes) were transmitted to the progenies in an unstable manner. 相似文献
994.
M. D. Serna J. Bañuls A. Quiñones E. Primo-Millo F. Legaz 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(1):41-46
The objectives of this work were to evaluate the inhibitory action on nitrification of 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)
added to ammonium sulphate nitrate [(NH4)2SO4 plus NH4NO3; ASN] in a Citrus-cultivated soil, and to study its effect on N uptake. In a greenhouse experiment, 2 g N as ASN either with or without 0.015 g
DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4
+-N) was applied 6 times at 20-day intervals to plants grown in 14-l pots filled with soil. Addition of DMPP to ASN resulted
in higher levels of NH4
+-N and lower levels of NO3
–-N in the soil during the whole experimental period. The NO3
–-N concentration in drainage water was lower in the ASN plus DMPP (ASN+DMPP)-treated pots. Also, DMPP supplementation resulted
in greater uptake of the fertilizer-N by citrus plants. In another experiment, 100 g N as ASN, either with or without 0.75 g
DMPP (1% DMPP relative to NH4
+-N) was applied to 6-year-old citrus plants grown individually outdoors in containers. Concentrations of NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N at different soil depths and N distribution in the soil profile after consecutive flood irrigations were monitored. In
the ASN-amended soil, nitrification was faster, whereas the addition of the inhibitor led to the maintenance of relatively
high levels of NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N in soil for longer than when ASN was added alone. At the end of the experiment (120 days) 68.5% and 53.1% of the applied
N was leached below 0.60 m in the ASN and ASN+DMPP treatments, respectively. Also, leaf N levels were higher in plants fertilized
with ASN+DMPP. Collectively, these results indicate that the DMPP nitrification inhibitor improved N fertilizer efficiency
and reduced NO3
– leaching losses by retaining the applied N in the ammoniacal form.
Received: 31 May 1999 相似文献
995.
R. M. Palma N. M. Arrigo M. I. Saubidet M. E. Conti 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(5):381-384
The response of a series of soil microbial, chemical, and enzymatic chacacteristics to two different tillage systems (conventional
and no-tillage) and two crop rotations (continuous corn and soybean–corn) was evaluated in a long-term field experiment in
the Rolling Pampas Region, Marcos Juárez, Córdoba, Argentina. The parameters studied included: oxidizable, soluble and respiration
C, total and hydrolyzable N, microbial activity, ammonifiers, nitrifiers, cellulolytic and total microflora, protease and
urease activities. After 15 years, oxidizable C, total N and hydrolyzable N showed no differences regarding no-tillage systems.
However, differences were found regarding control soil. While soluble C did not exhibit any significant differences, respiration
C and microbial activity were indicators sensitive to different treatments. Enzymatic activities, protease in particular,
did reflect changes due to management. Fluctuation in microbial population counts were more related to plant residues than
to tillage systems.
Received: 29 May 1999 相似文献
996.
C. Marzadori Ornella Francioso Claudio Ciavatta Carlo Gessa 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,32(5):415-420
The effects of two humic acid extractants, 0.1 M Na4P2O7 plus 0.1 M NaOH (NaPP) and 0.1 M NaOH (NaOH), on the activity and stability of a humic-urease complex were studied. The two
humic acids isolated (HANaPP and HANaOH) exhibited different elemental compositions, metal concentrations and structural modifications in the FT-IR spectra. Depending
on the pH, HANaPP and HANaOH influenced both the urease activity and urease kinetic parameters (V
max and K
m) in the same way. They inhibited urease activity between pH 6 and 7 and reduced the V
max of the reaction at pH 6 and 7. The presence of humic acids improved the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate (K
m). The stability of the urease with time, and in the presence of pronase, was improved by HANaPP and HANaOH with respect to free enzyme. These results confirm the importance of the interaction of urease with humic acids as a fundamental
gateway for extracellular urease stabilisation. Since no difference in the extent of urease inhibition and urease stabilisation
was observed for the two humic acids, it may be concluded that neither urease activity nor stability are influenced by the
humic acid extractant used.
Received: 5 November 1999 相似文献
997.
Nicola Bradbear Donald Boulter 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1984,34(1):3-13
In vitro proteolysis was used to study the digestibility of the major seed protein phaseolin, and the trypsin inhibitor, purified fromPhaseolus vulgaris seeds. Whereas denatured phaseolin was fully digested by the enzymic method used [4], its native form was only partially digested. Trypsin inhibitor, both native and after heat treatment, was poorly digested. It was also found that native trypsin had some resistance to digestion conferred upon it by the presence of the inhibitor. 相似文献
998.
Ms Salam A. R. Kabbara Ibrahim R. Abbas Joseph C. Scheerens Ann M. Tinsley James W. Berry 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1987,36(4):295-307
Tepary samples were examined for patterns of hydration, dry matter losses during the processes of soaking and cooking, residual hardness in partially cooked samples and heat lability of endogenous proteinaceous antinutritional factors. At 24 °C, teparies imbibed water equivalent to their weight (100% hydration) in 4 h and continued to absorb water rapidly for an additional 4 h before reaching an equilibrium hydration. During the processes of soaking and cooking, materials leached from raw beans represented 7.3 and 13.5% of their dry weight, 4.3 and 12.4% of their protein content, 7.1 and 12.2% of their stored carbohydrate and 22.4 and 33.4% of their mineral levels, respectively. In samples prepared at different cooking times (60, 90, 120, 150, 180 min) and cooking temperatures (80, 85, 90, 95°C), longer times and higher temperatures resulted in greater reductions in residual bean hardness; interactive effects of time and temperature treatments were significant. Residual activity of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors in partially-cooked samples appeared to be negligible. In addition, at least 80% of the original hemaglutinating activity of lectins in raw beans was lost during partial-cooking of samples under all cooking regimes. 相似文献
999.
Longeon A Copp BR Quévrain E Roué M Kientz B Cresteil T Petek S Debitus C Bourguet-Kondracki ML 《Marine drugs》2011,9(5):879-888
Indole derivatives including bromoindoles have been isolated from the South Pacific marine sponges Rhopaloeides odorabile and Hyrtios sp. Their structures were established through analysis of mass spectra and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Their potential inhibitory phospholipase A2 (PLA2), antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. The new derivative 5,6-dibromo-l-hypaphorine (9) isolated from Hyrtios sp. revealed a weak bee venom PLA2 inhibition (IC50 0.2 mM) and a significant antioxidant activity with an Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) value of 0.22. The sesquiterpene aureol (4), also isolated from Hyrtios sp., showed the most potent antioxidant activity with an ORAC value of 0.29. 相似文献
1000.
豆类中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性测定与初步分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
大豆中主要的抗营养因子是胰蛋白酶抑制剂,在其它食用豆中也有存在。供试大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制剂活性(TIA)最高(20.30~26.30TIU/g),菜豆次之(2.93~6.41TIU/g),蚕豆、豌豆为2.01~2.87及1.66~2.38TIU/g。大豆中抑制剂活性与粗蛋白及粗脂肪之间存在显著负相关。测定结果表明:国内选育的不含SBTI—A_2基因大豆材料,抑制剂总活性为17.40TIU/g,低于其栽培品种亲本21.20~21.60TIU/g。 相似文献